As great minds have the faculty of
saying a great deal in a few words,
so lesser minds have a talent of
talking much and saying nothing.
( Francois de La Rochefoucauld )
[融會貫通]
《易經》系辭說:「窮則變,變則通,通則久。」
意思是當事物發展到極點、窮盡的時候,就必須尋求變化,
只要變化恰當,便能夠通達,適合新的需要。
筆者的融書概念來自去蕪存菁,融會貫通,愚公移山的理想,
亦由於青少年要學習的東西越來越多,而學習的時間則不變,
提出融書概念的目的,是希望能夠減輕新一代的學習壓力,
避免在駱駝的背脊上按年添上一根又一根的禾桿草,
導致學童神經衰弱,甚至產生自殺的傾向。
中文裡的融會貫通,用英語來說,就是
a mastery that is comprehensive, holistic
and interdisciplinary, the ideal version
being a critical synthesis of wisdom from
both the east and the west.
自然界的「道/真理」本來就是博大精深,
而且此道與彼道往往互相關連,一定可以貫通,
一定不會有內部的自相矛盾,不會分類,不會切割,
因為所有的分類都是人類自己創造出來的。
Truth does not care about categorizations.
All areas of knowledge are actually
interrelated and interdependent.
由於人類智慧不足,所以「道/真理」對人來說,
往往會出現人類眼中的「弔詭」paradox。
融會貫通,是人類為了追求和認識「道/真理/智慧」
而對自己產生的要求,是人類智慧最高層次的表現。
參考:《融會貫通》 《思考和閱讀》(三)
要認識真理,往往需要運用森林思維,由整體出發,
然後運用根源思維來
1. 澄清個人思考所運用的詞彙和概念,
2. 研究自己有興趣的某部份學問。
從教育的角度來看,就是用合併的方法減少科目,
再用一個「思考/概念」架構來重新編寫課程,
節省了的時間就用來開辦多元化課程,讓不同興趣,
不同思考能力,不同天賦,不同家庭環境的學生,
都可以在課程裡找到一個屬於他本人的學習位置。
這種教育思考源於「居安思危,未雨綢繆」的想法,
以免出現「事急馬行田」的敷衍了事做法,
結果產生「掛羊頭賣狗肉」的課程,根本無濟於事。
如果想百尺竿頭,更進一步,就要研究和找出
1. 各類學問的結構。
2. 各類學問對人生的重要性的排列次序。
3. 影響人類學習的因素,從而發展教和學的理論。
融會貫通的第一步功夫就是去蕪存菁。
而去蕪存菁需要的是第一流的品味和第一流的思考能力,
而幸好品味和思考能力互為因果,毋須具備兩種能力。
去蕪存菁必然牽涉到對劣品的歧視和對精品的尊重及讚賞,
需要的是懷疑和批判的精神,包括向外和向內的自我批判,
因為「我」就是批判的工具,而這件工具必須常常檢視。
這就是聖經教導我們的做事方法。
「好樹不能結壞果子,壞樹不能結好果子。
凡不結好果子的樹就砍下來,丟在火裡。
所以,憑著他們的果子就可以認出他們來。」
《馬太福音 7:18-20》
參考:《歧視和尊重》
As scarce as truth is, the supply has
always been in excess of the demand.
( Josh Billings )
因為「道/真理」會令大部份人產生心理創傷。
I’ve learned that it’s hard to determine
where to draw the line between being nice
and not hurting people’s feelings and
standing up for your faith.
但由於虛偽是雅俗共賞的普世價值,
由於思想和概念方面的去蕪存菁並不容易,
所以「去蕪」往往需要幽默感和諷刺的功夫。
且讓筆者說幾個香港人都懂的笑話,
來表達去蕪存菁的困難。
The most wasted day of all is that
on which we have not laughed.
( Nicolas Chamfort )
The aim of a joke is not to degrade
the human being but to remind him
that he is already degraded.
( George Orwell )
Why is it that we rejoice at a birth
and grieve at a funeral? It is because
we are not the person involved.
( Mark Twain )
[笑話一]
有人去請教慈濟功德會的證嚴法師:
「師父,我的孩子是涼震嬰,人很壞,心狠冷,怎麼辦呢?」
師父回答:「有孩子就好了。」
我聽到後,覺得很對,退一步想,海闊天空,
怎麼能凡事都從完美的標準加以衡量呢?
如果涼震嬰是毛澤東或者希特勒,事情可能變得更壞,
而事實上事情沒有變得更壞,真是不幸中之大幸啊,
我們應該覺得開心和心滿意足。
[笑話二]
又有人去請教鼓吹愛人如己,鼓吹無條件的大愛的專家。
他們認為大愛就是體諒和包容,就是愛你的仇敵,
甚至代替所有受害者原諒罪人,免去他們的債務和責任。
道理很簡單:我們都不是聖人,誰有資格去論斷別人?
Who am I to judge others?
我們將一切都交託給神,所以不怕魔鬼來犯,
所以我們的座右銘是「莫與魔鬼為敵,魔鬼自有神去對付。」
否定別人永遠都是失敗者唯一的武器,
包容和寬恕毛澤東和希特勒,除了展示出我們的修養和品味,
更因為我們應該相信沒有任何一個生命是沒有價值的!
Don’t compare your life to others’. You have
no idea what their journey is all about.
( Regina Brett )
Forgive everyone everything.
( Regina Brett )
Love bears all things, believes all things,
hopes all things, endures all things.
( 1 Corinthians 13:7 )
人類的劣根性和有問題的思想,一向是荼毒世界的兩大禍首!
Nothing in all the world is more dangerous than
sincere ignorance and conscientious stupidity.
( Martin Luther King Jr. )
再說一個富幽默感,令人莞爾的真實故事。
由於愛因斯坦非常推崇卓別林的電影,
有一次在寫給卓別林的一封信中,這麼寫著:
《摩登時是世界上每一個人都能看懂的好電影,
朋友,你一定會成為偉人的。(愛因斯坦)
卓別林讀完了信,也不忘回信給科學家:
先生,我更是欽佩你,
你的《相對論》至今還沒有一個人攪懂它,
但是你已經成為一個偉人了。(卓別林)
[笑話三]
網絡上有一個關於印度聖雄甘地的故事,不知真偽,
相信真假混雜的成數頗高,和幽默感及諷刺有關,
就當作是另一個笑話來看罷:
When Gandhi was studying law at the University
College of London, there was a professor, whose
last name was Peters, who felt animosity toward
Gandhi, and because Gandhi never conceded to
him in any disagreement, their “arguments”
were very common.
One day, Mr Peters was having lunch at the
dining room of the University and Gandhi came
along with his tray and sat next to him.
The professor, in his arrogance, said,
“Mr Gandhi: you do not understand…
a pig and a bird do not sit together to eat,”
to which Gandhi replied, “You do not worry
professor, I’ll fly away,” and he went and sat
at another table.
Mr Peters, enraged, decided to take revenge on
Gandhi on the next test, but Gandhi responded
brilliantly to all questions. Then, Mr Peters
asked him the following question, “Mr Gandhi,
if you are walking down the street and find a
package, and within it there is a bag of wisdom
and another bag with a lot of money; which one
will you take?” Without hesitating, Gandhi
responded, “the one with the money, of course.”
Mr Peters, smiling, said, “I, in your place,
would have taken the wisdom, don’t you think?”
“Each one takes what one doesn’t have”,
responded Gandhi indifferently.
Mr Peters, already hysterical, wrote on the exam
sheet the word “idiot” and gave it to Gandhi.
Gandhi took the exam sheet and sat down. A
few minutes later, Gandhi went to the professor
and said, “Mr Peters, you signed the sheet but
you did not give me the grade.”
大提琴演奏家馬友友 心靈