現代人講究「溝通」 communication,
有誰可以告訴我甚麼是「溝通」?
不是「溝通」的技巧,而是「溝通」的定義。
「溝通」的技巧,已經有很多專家們發表過,
但「溝通」的定義呢,是否不需要?
溝通,是人類文明發展的重要能力。
溝通,也是除了宗教精神之外,
優良的個人人際關係所需要具備的能力。
溝通的能力,由兩種不同的能力所組成:
其一是聆聽的能力,其二是表達的能力。
在對話,演講和閱讀之中,
我們常常會聽到以下這些說話:
You look, but you do not see.
You touch, but you do not feel.
You eat, but you do not taste.
You like, but you do not love.
You laugh, but you do not smile.
You know, but you do not understand.
You think, but your thoughts are shallow
because you do not ponder/deliberate.
這些說話,
都是關乎個人天賦、興趣、教育、能力和心靈的課題!
同樣,我們也會聽到這句說話:
You hear, but you do not listen. 或者
You are hearing, but you are not listening.
關於觀察,我們有這兩句名句:
It’s not what you look at that matters,
it’s what you see.
( Henry David Thoreau )
The eye sees only
what the mind is prepared to understand.
( Robertson Davies )
Two people can look at exactly the same thing
and see something totally different.
關於聆聽,我們也可以這樣說:
Two people can hear exactly the same sound
and hear something totally different.
It’s not what you hear that matters,
it’s what you listen.
But your listening ability depends on
you mind as well as your heart,
and so your ears can only listen to
what your mind is prepared to understand.
英語之中,hear 是聽,listen 也是聽,但二者其實有分別。
英語中的 hear 是「聽見」,有時是被動的,
有時則是表面上是主動地去聽,
但「心不在焉,視而不見,聽而不聞」《禮記。大學》,
或主動地去聽,但力有不逮時,就會聽極都聽唔明,
只好左耳入右耳出。
To hear is to become aware of sound
through the ears, whether one wants or not.
所以 hear,其實只需要好的「聽力」。
至於英語中的 listen,現在已經翻譯成「聆聽」。
To listen is to pay attention in order to
1. receive message and/or
2. understand the event and/or
3. understand and perhaps the speaker.
There’s more to listening than meets the ear.
所以「聆聽」是主動地去接收資訊,主動地留心去聽。
換句話說,「聆聽」雖然是用耳來聽,但心才是最重要的那部份!
上課時留心老師的講解,就是 listen,
上課時魂遊太虛,就只是 hear 而已。
So when you are listening to somebody,
completely, attentively,
then you are listening not only to the words,
but also to the feeling of what is being conveyed,
to the whole of it, not part of it.
( Jiddu Krishnamurti )
然而這個世界上有心並不同時代表有力,
有心「聆聽」並不等於有能力「聆聽」,
須視乎所需要「聆聽」的東西的內容,
及聆聽者的「聆聽」能力而定。
優秀的聆聽是一種需要結合愛和智慧的藝術,
所以聆聽者的能力,需要具備五大條件:
☆ 對社會上各階層的語言的理解能力。
☆ 對語言的濫用、辭彙的混淆有所認識。
☆ 對心理學有足夠的認識。
☆ 具備哲學思考的能力。
☆ 具備「同理心」 empathy。
而最後的一點之所以重要,是因為聆聽最重要的關鍵,
就是「用心去聽」而不是僅僅「用腦去聽」。
換言之,除了要鍛煉功夫之外,除了需要腦之外,
「聆聽」的能力也需要心,
於是就無可避免地和「心靈 soul」扯上了關係:
listen with the heart
rather than merely with the head !
說到根源,「聆聽」其實就是人類的理想:
To love without knowing how to love
wounds the person we love.
To know how to love someone,
we have to understand them.
To understand, we need to listen.
( Thich Nhat Hanh )
Understanding and loving are inseparable.
If they are separate, it is a cerebral process and
the door to essential understanding remains closed.
( Erich Fromm, The Art of Listening )
「聆聽」這個行為,牽涉到四方面:
☆ 聆聽者 Listener
☆ 訴說者 Speaker
☆ 話題及信息 Topic & Message
☆ 溝通 Communication
Leon Berg
The Power of Listening─
An Ancient Practice for Our Future
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6iDMuB6NjNA