Education is not the piling on of learning,
information, data, facts, skills, or abilities──
that’s training or instruction──but is rather
a making visible what is hidden as a seed…
To be educated, a person doesn’t have to
know much or be informed, but he or she
does have to have been exposed vulnerably
to the transformative events of an engaged
human life…One of the greatest problems
of our time is that many are schooled
but few are educated.
( Sir Thomas Moore )
馬克吐溫一早已經明白 schooling 和 education 的分別,
所以他說:
I have never let my schooling interfere with
my education.
( Mark Twain )
教書,Schooling,是把人類對大自然的認識,人類的歷史,
人類的生活經驗和技藝傳遞到下一代,
目的是維持人類對大自然的控制,企圖保存及改善人類的物質生活。
教書,主要是傳遞知識,
包括科技、醫療、生活、社會、文化、藝術各方面的知識。
教書,傾向於傳遞謀生技術,越來越偏重職業導向,
本來就不具備社會道德教化的職能!
教書,已經成為「現代大學」的主要功能。
在教書工作者的眼中,teaching is a job, at most a career.
學生們到「現代大學」裡接受職業訓練,學習一門謀生的技藝,
就是接受 schooling。
從個人的角度來看,
Schooling 的目的是為求謀生,為求找一份更好的工作,
帶給我們「更好」的「生活」,
甚至期望爬上社會的高層,角逐名氣、財富和權力。
從社會的角度來看,
Schooling 的目的是訓練各行各業的專業人士。
其中比較優秀的,我們稱為該行該業的專家 expert。
專家是社會上的「偏才」!
複雜的社會,當然需要各方面的專家,
而這個需求,會在傳播媒介中求職一欄中顯示出來。
Schooling is merely imparting knowledge
because it mainly focuses on
knowledge and skill related to employability.
In short, schooling is for getting a job!
然而由於人類的知識越來越多,
專家認知的範疇和研究的領域變得越來越窄,
專家由看樹木變成看樹枝和樹葉,
更遑論具備對森林整體的視野。
當教書所傳遞的知識和學習方法,
已經不能適應急速轉變的時代,
教書,在課程內容和教學方法之上,
就必然需要經歷一場革命。
教育,Education,是把人類文明中美麗、卓越的精華,
人類累積的智慧,人與人之間如何和睦相處,
及行之有效的思考方法傳遞到下一代,
目的是讓下一代具備反思和判斷的能力,
能夠應付日新月異的社會及文化環境,
甚至有能力運用集體智慧,從制度入手,
改善人類的本質,控制人類的劣根性,
從而建立較理想、較文明的社會。
教育,重視的是哲學思維、道德批判和人類文明的發展;
教育,重視的是人類社會中的整體、重大和永恆的課題;
教育,重視的是培養追求真理的精神和對真理謙卑的態度。
沒有批判思維、沒有獨立思考,就沒有教育!
沒有批判思維,面子和虛偽就容易乘虛而入,
讓「價值觀與人生觀培育」成為了笑話和口號。
所以蔡元培說:「教育者,養成人格之事業也。」
從個人角度來看,
教育目的是訓練個人「認識自己」及「管理自己」,
從而對自己的心靈、健康和生活能夠作出理性的抉擇;
希望能夠帶給每一個人更好的「生命」,
希望我們對別人的苦難能夠感同身受。
如果受過教育的人最後能夠抵達「創造自己」的階段,
就是教育的最大收穫!。
從哲學的角度來看,教育的目的是培育人類心智的自由;
從社會的角度來看,
教育則是培育個人對家庭和社會的責任感,
鼓勵學員去思考如何締造一個「真正」和平的社會。
The aim of education is the knowledge,
not of facts, but of values.
( William S. Burroughs )
教育,是傳統和現代「書院」的主要功能。
在教育工作者的眼中,teaching is an inner calling,
a vocation, a labour of love.
學生們到「書院」裡接受的是 education。
從社會的角度來看,教育的目的是訓練「通才」,真正的 elite。
社會期望其中部份比較優秀的精英,經過多年的磨鍊和實踐之後,
能夠成為 cream of the society!
傳統上我們把這些經過篩選出來的「通才」稱呼為「先生」。
所以「偏才」最多只能夠稱呼為「博士」或「教授」,
沒有資格稱呼為「先生」!
Education aims to free and expand our minds,
to inculcate the spirit for truth,
to develop the attitude for sincerity, and
to inspire changes both inwardly and outwardly.
In order to achieve this aim, education strives
to develop our abilities to think critically,
to communicate and write clearly,
to analyze and solve complex problems,
so that we can “understand” not only ourselves,
but also the physical world and the human world.
Education lives up to its highest potential
when it ennobles the human spirit.
It focuses on a morality based on reasoning,
humility and humanity, and intends to reduce
the fundamental ills of society,
such as stupidity, greed and love of power,
with a growing civil society in mind.
In short, education wants youngsters to achieve
a good head as well as a good heart,
to be able to learn continuously by themselves
in a rapidly changing world,
and to be able to select, appreciate and work
together with decent others for a better world.
( Jason Ling )
說得抽象一點,
教書 Schooling 的目的就是訓練「專家」,
挑選、分類和訓練某些人成為各式各樣的「高級生物工具」。
至於每一件「生物工具」視自己純粹為一件工具,
為一件別人的工具,抑或亦努力以赴地做一個「人」,
就是個人的選擇。
「專家」不一定關心社會,不一定具備道德勇氣,
所以在道德方面未必能夠作出價值判斷!
而教育 Education 的目的是培養智慧,
最低限度的目的就是希望每一個人,
不論是否一件工具,不論是低級還是高級,
都願意努力以赴地去做一個「人」!
教育其次的目的,
就是培養大部份人「獨立思考的能力」,
及在一個變化急劇的社會裡「自學的能力」;
而教育進一步的目的就是期望其中優秀的精英,
能夠博大精深、去蕪存菁、融會貫通,
擁有「整體思維能力」,不會見樹木而忘掉森林,
最後成為社會上各行各業的「領導者」leaders!
Which is the best government?
That which teaches us to govern ourselves.
( Johann Wolfgang von Goethe )
A rationalist, as I use the word, is a man who
attempts to reach decisions by argument and
perhaps, in certain cases, by compromise,
rather than by violence. He is a man who
would rather be unsuccessful in convincing
another man by argument than successful in
crushing him by force, by intimidation and
threats, or even by persuasive propaganda.
( Karl Popper )
A rationalist is simply someone for whom it is
more important to learn than to be proved right;
someone who is willing to learn from others ─
not by simply taking over another’s opinions,
but by gladly allowing others to criticize his ideas
and by gladly criticizing the ideas of others.
( Karl Popper )
Education makes people easy to lead,
but difficult to drive;
easy to govern, but impossible to enslave.
( Henry Peter Brougham )
明朝的胡居仁,從挑選人才的角度來看,就指出:
「以才取人最難,小人多有才也。」 (明。胡居仁)
歷史告訴我們,「專家/偏才」之中當然不乏小人,
所以「教書」和「教育」是兩個必須釐清的概念!
如果我們不分辨清楚這兩個概念,
那麼在有關「教學」的交流、討論和辯論時,
其中必然往往會有參與者自覺地或不自覺地,
由一個概念跳往另一個概念,甚至在兩個概念之間跳來跳去,
不但浪費了雙方或某一方溝通的時間,不但容易引起誤解,
產生不必要的對立,而且未必能夠解決問題。
Alain de Botton
Reintroducing Wisdom in Everyday Life