[宗教、宗教機構]
宗教和圍繞著宗教的機構,
一向是人類歷史中一個極為重要的現象,
因為它們和政治,意識形態、世道人心,甚至戰爭,
都有密切的關係。
在人類歷史中,宗教的出現至少證明了四個事實:
1. 部份人類對生命的起源需要一個解釋。
一個奇怪的現象,
就是對那些在人類能力範圍之內難以解答的問題,
部份人類甚至需要一個解釋,不懂得暫且放下。
例如:宇宙從何而來?人類從何而來?
不喜歡深入思考的人會接受任何看來動聽的解釋,
哲學家叫這種現象為
the natural ignorance, stupidity,
superstitiousness and gullibility of mankind.
2. 部份人類對生命的意義需要一個解釋。
3. 部份人類擁有心靈,有心靈方面的需要、追求和嚮往。
有一些人傾向於認為「所有」人類都是有心靈的,
但這是一個難以證明的「假說」,
因為所有反例都可以解釋為心靈的迷失,而不是沒有心靈。
很多人都不清楚,從科學的角度來看,
人之性善或者人之性惡都只不過是「假說」而已,
根本沒有「理論」的地位。
4. 宗教是統治者的利器之一。
因為宗教可以為人類道德提供一些規則,
如果這些規則對統治者有利,就會得到統治者的支持。
Religion is what keeps the poor
from murdering the rich.
( Napoleon )
宗教的出現亦反映出幾個可能的來源:
1. 的確有創造人類的靈界的存在,
但我們對靈界的認識膚淺,暫時無法證明真相。
2. 遠古時代曾經有外星人來地球殖民。
3. 人類心理上對自然界的力量和對死亡都感到恐懼,
於是人類自己創造了宗教。
宗教是西方哲學的其中一個範疇
[甚至曾經是一個最重要的範疇],
正如儒釋道是中國哲學的其中三個範疇。
宗教是所有喜歡思考的人不應該逃避的課題;
宗教是所有討厭迷信的人不應該逃避的課題;
宗教是所有信奉科學精神的人不應該逃避的課題;
宗教是所有不滿足於僅僅持有信念的人面對的課題;
宗教是所有打算「認識自己」的人必須面對的課題;
宗教是所有決志行走在心靈的道路上,
而心靈力量和智慧超過某個程度 threshold 的人
所不能逃避的課題。
筆者有一位多才多藝的學生,不但好學不倦,
而且重視心靈,精於選擇,在忙碌工作之餘,
即將完成一個「比較宗教」的碩士學位。
筆者十分佩服和羡慕他的好學精神,
如果能夠年輕十年,筆者當會走一條相似的道路。
筆者從小學開始就對人性非常敏感和有興趣,
尤其由於家庭的關係,
特別喜歡思考關於宗教方面的問題。
到了中學,更加喜歡思考「宗教精神」
──真、誠、愛、智慧──
亦對中國春秋戰國時代思潮的蓬勃十分嚮往。
其後到一所重視批判思維的大學繼續學業,
更加是如魚得水,大開眼界,
既擴闊了視野,亦加深了視野。
而且開始領悟到宗教和宗教精神是兩個不同的概念,
宗教重視金錢,重視面子,擁護某程度的虛偽!
且參考一下幽默大師 George Carlin 的誇張描述:
Religion has convinced people that there’s an invisible
man living in the sky, who watches everything you do
every minute of every day. And the invisible man has
a list of ten specific things he doesn’t want you to do.
And if you do any of these things, he will send you
to a special place, of burning and fire and smoke
and torture and anguish for you to live forever, and
suffer and burn and scream until the end of time.
But he loves you. He loves you and He needs money.
( George Carlin )
Religion is an attempt to overcome this antithesis.
If the world is controlled by God, and God can be
moved by prayer, we acquire a share in omnipotence.
…Belief in God…serves to humanize the world of
nature, and to make men feel that physical forces
are really their allies. In like manner immortality
removes the terror from death. People who believe
that when they die they will inherit eternal bliss
may be expected to view death without horror,
though, fortunately for medical men, this does not
invariably happen. It does, however, soothe men’s
fears somewhat even when it cannot allay them
wholly. Religion, since it has its source in terror,
has dignified certain kinds of fear, and made people
think them not disgraceful. In this it has done
mankind a great disservice: all fear is bad.
( Bertrand Russell )
Fear is the basis of religious dogma, as of so much
else in human life. Fear of human beings,
individually or collectively, dominates much of our
social life, but it is fear of nature that gives rise
to religion. The antithesis of mind and matter is…
more or less illusory; but there is another antithesis
which is more important──that, namely, between
things that can be affected by our desires and
things that cannot be so affected. The line between
the two is neither sharp nor immutable──as science
advances, more and more things are brought under
human control. Nevertheless there remain things
definitely on the other side. Among these are all
the large facts of our world, the sort of facts that
are dealt with by astronomy. It is only facts on
or near the surface of the earth that we can,
to some extent, mould to suit our desires. And
even on the surface of the earth our powers are
very limited. Above all, we cannot prevent death,
although we can often delay it.
( Bertrand Russell )
幸好筆者在大學時是讀「硬科學」hard science,
所以後來對社會科學和硬科學的分別更加清晰,
對部份社會科學中人在思考上的破綻認識甚深。
從大學畢業那時開始,
就已經將信奉宗教的人,宗教機構和宗教精神三者,
分開來思考和研究,因為宗教精神是屬靈的,
宗教機構是屬世的,而且是由人所管轄的。
至於信奉宗教的人,更加是變化多端,種類繁多。
經驗和觀察告訴我,每一種宗教,
都有各式各樣及各種層次利用宗教的人,
而且不少世間上的「好」人都會利用宗教,
高層次的「好」人更會不自覺,
理直氣壯地去欺騙一些層次較低的人。
很多人都認為「出於好心的欺騙」不應該會有大問題,
但所有錯的思想和概念遲早都會產生害處,
而且宗教一旦違背了「真」和「誠」的宗教精神,
必然埋下了毀譽參半的種子!
Nothing ever goes away until
it has taught us what we need to know.
( Pema Chodron )
Robert Sapolsky on Faith